科学小论文范文《科学》（20240726出版）一周论文导读

《科学》（20240726出版）一周论文导读

编译｜李言

Science, 26 JUL 2024, Volume 385 Issue 6707

《科学》2024年7月26日，第385卷，6707期

量子计算Quantum Computing

Operating semiconductor quantum processors with hopping spins

通过跳频自旋操控半导体量子处理器

▲ 作者：CHIEN-AN WANG, VALENTIN JOHN et al.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado5915

▲ 摘要：

在此，我们展示了通过设计具有位点依赖自旋量子化轴的量子点之间的自旋跳，可以用离散信号建立量子控制。我们展示了基于跳跃的量子逻辑，并获得了99.97%的单量子位门保真度，每跳99.992%的相干穿梭保真度和99.3%的双量子位门保真度，对应已经预测的允许量子纠错的错误率。

我们还通过统计映射10量子点系统的相干性，证明跳变自旋构成了一种调谐方法。我们的研究结果表明，分散布置的密集量子点阵列可以用于高效和高连接的量子比特寄存器。

▲ Abstract：

Here, we show that by engineering the hopping of spins between quantum dots with a site-dependent spin quantization axis, quantum control can be established with discrete signals. We demonstrate hopping-based quantum logic and obtain single-qubit gate fidelities of 99.97%, coherent shuttling fidelities of 99.992% per hop, and a two-qubit gate fidelity of 99.3%, corresponding to error rates that have been predicted to allow for quantum error correction. We also show that hopping spins constitute a tuning method by statistically mapping the coherence of a 10–quantum dot system. Our results show that dense quantum dot arrays with sparse occupation could be developed for efficient and high-connectivity qubit registers.

化学Chemistry

The sugar cube: Network control and emergence in stereoediting reactions

己糖立方：立体编辑反应中的网络控制和涌现

▲ 作者：HAYDEN M. CARDER, GINO OCCHIALINI et al.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp2447

▲ 摘要：

在此我们提出“网络控制”，这是一种对比范例，可以利用速率常数之间隐藏的相互作用放大适度的内在偏差，并实现精确的多站点编辑。

当网络控制应用于己糖的光化学异构化时，可以选择性地获得八种可能的非对映体中的六种。放大效应可以看作是介于简单化学系统的动力学控制和复杂生物系统的代谢调节之间的一种中尺度现象。

▲ Abstract：

We propose “network control,” a contrasting paradigm that exploits hidden interactions between rate constants to greatly amplify modest intrinsic biases and enable precise multisite editing. When network control is applied to the photochemical isomerization of hexoses, six of the eight possible diastereomers can be selectively obtained. The amplification effect can be viewed as a mesoscale phenomenon between the limiting regimes of kinetic control in simple chemical systems and metabolic regulation in complex biological systems.

材料科学Material Sciences

Borrowed dislocations for ductility in ceramics

借位错实现陶瓷拉伸塑性变形

▲ 作者：L. R. DONG, J. ZHANG et al.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp0559

▲ 摘要：

在此，我们提出了一种“借位错”的策略，该策略使用具有有序化学键的共格界面。这种方法使陶瓷通过界面调动大量来自金属的位错，大大提高了陶瓷的拉伸延展性，从而克服了陶瓷内部直接位错成核的挑战。这种策略为提高陶瓷的拉伸延展性提供了新方法。

▲ Abstract：

Here, we propose a “borrowing-dislocations” strategy that uses a tailored interfacial structure with well-ordered bonds. Such an approach enables ceramics to have greatly improved tensile ductility by mobilizing a considerable number of dislocations in ceramic borrowed from metal through the interface, thereby overcoming the challenge associated with direct dislocation nucleation within ceramics. This strategy provides a way to enhance tensile ductility in ceramics.

地球科学Earth Science

Fault size–dependent fracture energy explains multiscale seismicity and cascading earthquakes

断层大小相关的断裂能解释多尺度地震活动性和级联地震

▲ 作者：ALICE-AGNES GABRIEL, DMITRY I. GARAGASH et al.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj9587

▲ 摘要：

我们认为，小地震和大地震的断裂过程是完全不同的。我们将地震观测与基于物理的地震模型相结合，发现在小地震的能量收支中，动力减弱和再强化效应都是不可忽视的。

我们建立了断裂能与断层大小的线性标度关系，以及断裂标度与滑动的线性标度关系。通过超级计算，我们应用这种尺度揭示了断层损伤区内涉及超过700个多尺度裂缝的大型动态破裂地震级联。我们为地震活动性提供了一个简单的解释，这对理解地震成因和多断层破裂级联具有重要意义。

▲ Abstract：

We propose that fundamentally different fracture processes govern small and large earthquakes. We combined seismological observations with physics-based earthquake models, finding that both dynamic weakening and restrengthening effects are non-negligible in the energy budget of small earthquakes. We established a linear scaling relationship between fracture energy and fault size and a break in scaling with slip. We applied this scaling using supercomputing and unveiled large dynamic rupture earthquake cascades involving >700 multiscale fractures within a fault damage zone. We provide a simple explanation for seismicity across all scales with implications for comprehending earthquake genesis and multifault rupture cascades.

Anthropogenic amplification of precipitation variability over the past century

人类活动导致过去百年来全球降水变率增强

▲ 作者：WENXIA ZHANG, TIANJUN ZHOU, AND PEILI WU

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp0212

▲ 摘要：

在此，我们表明在过去的一个世纪里，由于人为变暖累积，全球（超75%的陆地面积）降水变率已经增长。从每日到季节的时间尺度范围都可以看到变率的增加，全球日变率每10年增加1.2%，在欧洲、澳大利亚和北美东部尤为突出。

降水变率的增加主要是由与大气湿润有关的热力学驱动的，在年代际尺度上受环流变化的调节。这对天气和气候预测以及社会和生态系统的复原力和适应能力提出了新的挑战。

▲ Abstract：

Here we show that precipitation variability has already grown globally (over 75% of land area) over the past century, as a result of accumulated anthropogenic warming. The increased variability is seen across daily to intraseasonal timescales, with daily variability increased by 1.2% per 10 years globally, and is particularly prominent over Europe, Australia, and eastern North America. Increased precipitation variability is driven mainly by thermodynamics linked to atmospheric moistening, modulated at decadal timescales by circulation changes. Amplified precipitation variability poses new challenges for weather and climate predictions, as well as for resilience and adaptation by societies and ecosystems.

生物学Biology

Neurons for infant social behaviors in the mouse zona incerta

小鼠未定带中负责幼儿社会行为的神经元

幼鼠无动带社会行为的神经元

▲ 作者：YUEXUAN LI, ZHONG-WU LIU et al.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk7411

▲ 摘要：

了解婴儿社会行为的神经基础对于阐明早期社会和情感发展的机制至关重要。在这项研究中，我们报告在断奶前小鼠的未定带（ZISST）中表达生长抑素的特定神经元群，这些神经元对社会互动做出动态反应，特别是与母亲的互动。

在幼鼠中进行的双向神经活动操作表明，断奶前的ZISST神经元与感觉、情绪和认知脑中心的广泛连接介导了与母亲存在相关的两个关键适应功能:减少行为困扰和促进学习。这些发现揭示了幼鼠大脑中的协调与母亲的关系对幼鼠行为和生理的积极影响的神经元。

▲ Abstract：

Understanding the neural basis of infant social behaviors is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms of early social and emotional development. In this work, we report a specific population of somatostatin-expressing neurons in the zona incerta (ZISST) of preweaning mice that responds dynamically to social interactions, particularly those with their mother. Bidirectional neural activity manipulations in pups revealed that widespread connectivity of preweaning ZISST neurons to sensory, emotional, and cognitive brain centers mediates two key adaptive functions associated with maternal presence: the reduction of behavior distress and the facilitation of learning. These findings reveal a population of neurons in the infant mouse brain that coordinate the positive effects of the relationship with the mother on an infant’s behavior and physiology.

《科学》（20240419出版）一周论文导读

编译 | 未玖

Science, 19 APR 2024, VOL 384, ISSUE 6693

《科学》2024年4月19日，第384卷，6693期

天文学Astronomy

Dating the Solar System’s giant planet orbital instability using enstatite meteorites

用顽辉石陨石测定太阳系巨行星轨道不稳定时期

▲ 作者：CHRYSA AVDELLIDOU, MARCO DELBO’, DAVID NESVORNÝ, KEVIN J. WALSH & ALESSANDRO MORBIDELLI

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg8092

▲ 摘要：

太阳系的巨行星最初在紧凑轨道上形成，由于轨道不稳定过渡至目前更宽的结构。这种不稳定发生的时机很难确定。

研究组使用动力学模拟来证明轨道不稳定将类地行星区域的星子碎片植入小行星主带。使用陨石数据表明，植入发生在太阳系诞生后超6000万年。

将这一约束条件与先前从木星特洛伊小行星中得出的上限相结合，研究组得出结论，轨道不稳定发生在太阳系诞生后6000万年至1亿年。形成月球的巨大撞击发生在该时期，因此其可能与巨行星不稳定有关。

▲ Abstract：

The giant planets of the Solar System formed on initially compact orbits, which transitioned to the current wider configuration by means of an orbital instability. The timing of that instability is poorly constrained. In this work, we use dynamical simulations to demonstrate that the instability implanted planetesimal fragments from the terrestrial planet region into the asteroid main belt. We use meteorite data to show that the implantation occurred >60 million years (Myr) after the Solar System began to form. Combining this constraint with a previous upper limit derived from Jupiter’s trojan asteroids, we conclude that the orbital instability occurred 60 to 100 Myr after the beginning of Solar System formation. The giant impact that formed the Moon occurred within this range, so it might be related to the giant planet instability.

材料科学Materials Science

Structural disorder determines capacitance in nanoporous carbons

结构无序决定了纳米多孔碳的电容

▲ 作者：XINYU LIU, DONGXUN LYU, CÉLINE MERLET, MATTHEW J. A. LEESMITH, XIAO HUA, ZHEN XU, ET AL.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn6242

▲ 摘要：

纳米多孔碳电极复杂结构的表征困难导致缺乏明确的设计原则来改进超级电容器。孔径尺寸一直被认为是提高电容的主要杠杆。

然而，研究组对大量商业纳米多孔碳的评估发现孔径和电容之间缺乏相关性。相反，核磁共振波谱测量和模拟揭示了电极结构无序和电容之间的强烈相关性。

具有更小的类石墨烯结构域的无序碳因在其纳米孔中更有效地存储离子，从而表现出更高的电容。该发现提出了理解和利用无序来实现高能量密度超级电容器的方法。

▲ Abstract：

The difficulty in characterizing the complex structures of nanoporous carbon electrodes has led to a lack of clear design principles with which to improve supercapacitors. Pore size has long been considered the main lever to improve capacitance. However, our evaluation of a large series of commercial nanoporous carbons finds a lack of correlation between pore size and capacitance. Instead, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements and simulations reveal a strong correlation between structural disorder in the electrodes and capacitance. More disordered carbons with smaller graphene-like domains show higher capacitances owing to the more efficient storage of ions in their nanopores. Our findings suggest ways to understand and exploit disorder to achieve highly energy-dense supercapacitors.

High energy density in artificial heterostructures through relaxation time modulation

通过弛豫时间调制实现人工异质结构的高能量密度

▲ 作者：SANGMOON HAN, JUSTIN S. KIM, EUGENE PARK, YUAN MENG, ZHIHAO XU, ALEXANDRE C. FOUCHER, ET AL.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl2835

▲ 摘要：

静电电容器因其超快的充放电能力成为先进电子器件和大功率电气系统的基础元件。铁电材料具有较高的最大极化，但高残余极化阻碍了其在储能应用中的有效部署。先前方法由于铁电材料结晶度退化而遭遇瓶颈。

研究组介绍了一种利用二维（2D）材料控制弛豫时间的方法，同时通过使用2D/3D/2D异质结构来最小化能量损失，并保持铁电3D材料的结晶度。使用该方法可实现191.7 J/cm3的能量密度，效率超过90%。

这种对弛豫时间的精确控制有望促进广泛应用，并有潜力加速高效储能系统的发展。

▲ Abstract：

Electrostatic capacitors are foundational components of advanced electronics and high-power electrical systems owing to their ultrafast charging-discharging capability. Ferroelectric materials offer high maximum polarization, but high remnant polarization has hindered their effective deployment in energy storage applications. Previous methodologies have encountered problems because of the deteriorated crystallinity of the ferroelectric materials. We introduce an approach to control the relaxation time using two-dimensional (2D) materials while minimizing energy loss by using 2D/3D/2D heterostructures and preserving the crystallinity of ferroelectric 3D materials. Using this approach, we were able to achieve an energy density of 191.7 joules per cubic centimeter with an efficiency greater than 90%. This precise control over relaxation time holds promise for a wide array of applications and has the potential to accelerate the development of highly efficient energy storage systems.

More resilient polyester membranes for high-performance reverse osmosis desalination

恢复力更强的聚酯膜助力高性能反渗透海水淡化

▲ 作者：YUJIAN YAO, PINGXIA ZHANG, FEI SUN, WEN ZHANG, MENG LI, GANG SHA, ET AL.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk0632

▲ 摘要：

近半个世纪以来，薄膜复合反渗透膜一直是海水淡化和水净化的黄金标准技术。聚酰胺膜具有优异的透水性和拒盐性，但也有耐氯性差、结垢倾向高和拒硼率低的缺点。

研究组通过分子设计聚酯膜复合反渗透膜来解决这些问题，使用共溶剂辅助界面聚合法使3,5-二羟基-4-甲基苯甲酸与均苯三甲酰氯反应。这种聚酯膜具有优异的透水性，对氯化钠和硼高截留，以及完全耐氯。

与聚酰胺膜相比，该膜的超光滑、低能量表面还可防止污垢和矿物结垢。通过进一步优化水盐选择性，该膜有望超越聚酰胺膜，为大大减少海水淡化的预处理步骤提供新途径。

▲ Abstract：

Thin-film composite reverse osmosis membranes have remained the gold standard technology for desalination and water purification for nearly half a century. Polyamide films offer excellent water permeability and salt rejection but also suffer from poor chlorine resistance, high fouling propensity, and low boron rejection. We addressed these issues by molecularly designing a polyester thin-film composite reverse osmosis membrane using co-solvent–assisted interfacial polymerization to react 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid with trimesoyl chloride. This polyester membrane exhibits substantial water permeability, high rejection for sodium chloride and boron, and complete resistance toward chlorine. The ultrasmooth, low-energy surface of the membrane also prevents fouling and mineral scaling compared with polyamide membranes. These membranes could increasingly challenge polyamide membranes by further optimizing water-salt selectivity, offering a path to considerably reducing pretreatment steps in desalination.

人工智能Artificial Intelligence

Fusion of memristor and digital compute-in-memory processing for energy-efficient edge computing

融合忆阻器和数字内存计算处理助力高效边缘计算

▲ 作者：TAI-HAO WEN, JE-MIN HUNG, WEI-HSING HUANG, CHUAN-JIA JHANG, YUN-CHEN LO, HUNG-HSI HSU, ET AL.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf5538

▲ 摘要：

人工智能（AI）边缘设备更倾向于采用高容量非易失性内存计算（CIM）来实现高能效和足够准确的快速唤醒响应。大多数先前的工作要么依据基于忆阻器的CIM，但因其耐用性有限而遭受精度损失且不支持训练；要么依据数字静态随机存取存储器（SRAM）的CIM，但受限于大面积制造需求和易失性存储。

研究组报道了一种使用忆阻器-SRAM CIM融合方案的AI边缘处理器，可同时利用数字SRAM CIM的高精度和电阻式随机存取存储器忆阻器CIM的高能效和存储密度。这也使自适应本地训练能够适应个性化特征和用户环境。

该融合处理器实现了高CIM容量、短唤醒-响应延迟（392微秒）、高峰值能效（77.64 TOPS/W）和稳健的精度（精度损失<0.5%）。这项工作表明，忆阻器技术已经超越了实验室开发阶段，现已具备用于AI边缘处理器的可制造性。

▲ Abstract：

Artificial intelligence (AI) edge devices prefer employing high-capacity nonvolatile compute-in-memory (CIM) to achieve high energy efficiency and rapid wakeup-to-response with sufficient accuracy. Most previous works are based on either memristor-based CIMs, which suffer from accuracy loss and do not support training as a result of limited endurance, or digital static random-access memory (SRAM)–based CIMs, which suffer from large area requirements and volatile storage. We report an AI edge processor that uses a memristor-SRAM CIM-fusion scheme to simultaneously exploit the high accuracy of the digital SRAM CIM and the high energy-efficiency and storage density of the resistive random-access memory memristor CIM. This also enables adaptive local training to accommodate personalized characterization and user environment. The fusion processor achieved high CIM capacity, short wakeup-to-response latency (392 microseconds), high peak energy efficiency (77.64 teraoperations per second per watt), and robust accuracy (<0.5% accuracy loss). This work demonstrates that memristor technology has moved beyond in-lab development stages and now has manufacturability for AI edge processors.

地球科学Earth Science

A national-scale assessment of land subsidence in China’s major cities

中国主要城市地面沉降的全国范围评估

▲ 作者：ZURUI AO, XIAOMEI HU, SHENGLI TAO, XIE HU, GUOQUAN WANG, MINGJIA LI, ET AL.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl4366

▲ 摘要：

中国大规模的城市化浪潮可能会受到地面沉降的威胁。

利用星载干涉合成孔径雷达测量技术，研究组对2015—2022年中国主要城市的地面沉降进行了系统评估。在被调查的城市土地中，45%的土地每年沉降速度超过3毫米，16%的土地每年沉降速度超过10毫米，分别影响了29%和7%的城市人口。

沉降似乎与地下水抽取和建筑物重量等一系列因素有关。到2120年，由于城市沉降和海平面上升的综合影响，22%~26%中国沿海土地的相对海拔将低于海平面，占沿海人口的9%~11%。

该研究结果强调了加强保护措施以减轻沉降造成潜在损害的必要性。

▲ Abstract：

China’s massive wave of urbanization may be threatened by land subsidence. Using a spaceborne synthetic aperture radar interferometry technique, we provided a systematic assessment of land subsidence in all of China’s major cities from 2015 to 2022. Of the examined urban lands, 45% are subsiding faster than 3 millimeters per year, and 16% are subsiding faster than 10 millimeters per year, affecting 29 and 7% of the urban population, respectively. The subsidence appears to be associated with a range of factors such as groundwater withdrawal and the weight of buildings. By 2120, 22 to 26% of China’s coastal lands will have a relative elevation lower than sea level, hosting 9 to 11% of the coastal population, because of the combined effect of city subsidence and sea-level rise. Our results underscore the necessity of enhancing protective measures to mitigate potential damages from subsidence.

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